A Momentous Journey

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7 M W?& א " M j ±7 l ¶jA±< א ME±,£K " M:± א j ¥j±7C& א L ±@ א W W . h MEB i K ©j8% א i ¹ kA ´KC ، " Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa " . lC j dA< KBE MqK ، " Francisco Mendo Trigoso " " j j= Y ¹WC j@ א Y " Y7 ،¶ 1813 ¶K l : i ،Y7 §£K · א Y? א a K: k a Y ¼K> H ،ME K= Y א M=A K Y µ¹T " א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K " : g K ¼K jB ²Y À ¹ ، " Duarte Barbosa " " א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ " kA WB ، א ME,£K T א M K Y ،M< : א ¸X ." The Book of Duarte Barbosa " K @ א NCB9 ) u Y ،¶ 1550 ¶K M j :& א " Ramuzio " " j ¦j א ¥ " M jB ·K ( ¥W8& א M ¹Y< YE c w ) M j: e X ¹ ، ( iE ¥K7& א ¥j7C& א YE . N j א e ¤ l KD@A א W Y KC א Y WA h ¼ א Z N K ،Y KC א KC Y X K L ،M j: & א ¸X : Âgp ، " codex " Dom " " K K א Y »£ jCE K j WE א " MA ¥ µj ³ א ¥¹ M jB : ¼t¹ ." Constantino de Baraganca " Book of Lisuarte de Abreu " " j Y º£ l ¥ א j E K " : ¼KE K

8 g K ²Y À ¼K<oK ¼K8 M?E?$ א l N K l א ¹ ،M jC< YE M j: : ¼K K ¹ ." א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K " ME K= Y א K K7 t א ºY ¤ l MEC j א MC A א Y7 ،¶ 1992 ¶K l ، " Comissao Nacional para as Comemoracoes dos Descobrimentos Portugueses " .." Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu " " j Y »£ l ¥ א j E K " ± ME:% א M C א · M?E? k KD j l " Vasco Graca Moura " " א ¥j K א Y j@ K " ¥K l א ¹ ، " א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K " g9 »X א ¹ ،M j: BA Y T א WA & א e X ¼K K ¼ א Z . N j א e ¤ l ¸£j ¹ ¼K ¹Y< h@ g ¶K ¸Y K i K ،O K א Z# א iE K+ Y T א M j: BA ¶ 1813 ¶K WA ، " Mr . Francisco Xavier Bertrand " " W א Y YE YEE K j@ א Y " WE A ¶ 1821 . M j 7 l YED7 א L @ א Y L Kq " j ¥j ¹ ³¹£ ،K K א Y א £ j j YE T א " Â. À K WC ،¶ 1895 ¶K l ،WCD א l µK= Y א eA& ¼K oK ، " Prince Afonso of Braganca , Duke of Oporto " . i M WD M j: BA Y T א WA & א g W? Âg ، ( YE T · א K ¹ ) " ME@A& א א £j M @ " l WA & א א W Âg ،µK= Y א k YE T א £j W< ." Ajuda Royal Library "

9 . ¶ 1911 ¶K l Y7 א i@ K k WA & א £K ،K M? Y: ¹ ،¶ 1910 ¶K ¥j W< e ¤ l l>C& ، א " j ¥j ¹ ³¹£ " ²Y h WA & א aE Âg ،¶ 1912 ¶K l . V jE l " Ludwig Rosenthal " " µK ¦¹¥ PE £j " k ،N j א Professor Maurice L ." " ·¦¹KD=C . µ [ ¥j ¥j W א ¤K T א " ·K M Y l ¹ ) " µK ¦¹¥ PE £j " M Y a N j א e ¤ l fB< " Ettinghausen MC [ א > h d t N ¹ l K W ¹ ، ( ¥jD7 K j: ¹ ¥£K L aE Mr ." " ·K ¥j . l . »K WE א " k א Z T א f8>C& א WA & א h l K א Z# א . [ ¥K l " J . P . Morgan / M?E ¹ 19 l ) ¼u8>C WA & א h µ¹T א Z# א " ·¦¹KD=C " K ،W< KBE ." Conde de Arrochela " " uE ¹¥ N j " k ( M ¥¹ Pierpont Morgan " " ·K ¥j N j YE M @ " NA8! ،f j N j W< KBE ¹ . ¶ 1963 ¶K l doK j א eA kA " Library l l ، " א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K " : » ،WA BA f Á ÂB@& א O K א Z# א l? .. M? u א MC . B ¹ u א µ א j ·KE C א א Y Âg ،MC l + MEAqT א M j: & א ME,£K T א Y7 W< ،¶ 2013 ¶K l

10 l א M Y7 א ²Y h א ¥ א Wqx א h M jB _ ¹ " א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K " . . E&K< . א Y$ . א K Y l " ·¦¹KD=C " N W א " l Y W lA K £¥j " K W l ، א " Hakluyt " " N jA K " K< ¥jD W< Mansel " " [,£ ¥j j fE K " ¹ ، ( ¶ Lord Stanley of Alderley " ( 1865 " M KC< g Y O W ] ¥ א Wq · ºY KC I ، ( ¶ Longworth Dames " ( 1918 KE א j PEA% א ¹ ME Y< א Y Z# א i 7 ©K% א g ?A M ZEA x א M=A א k . jEA K K< k j Y א gDC@BE M j: & א f K@ ·jB D h X א K . lA< ¹WCE j@ E א Y " ¥K א א ¤K& µK K j £ ،¼ א Y [E ¹ ،¶K % א l : KD K ¹ K Y7C ME,£K w KD ÂW ¹ M j: & א ¸X " j j= Y . M ÂE YqK< K; u f ME א ¤ YE N E l − l ´KC W א ¹ : ·K j: W j ) ،M ¹Y< M j: ¶W j [E K @ א − 11 , 008 " " 11 , 008 − M j: ،µ א YE ¹WC ،M j 7 l MEC j א M @& א " l ´KC ºY ¹ ، " Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa , Fundo Geral , ms Arquivo 25 " " 25 − f ¦ א Y M j: ،j j ¹£ »¥j l lC j א cE ¥T א " ،¼K8 µj T א e ·¹W l ¹ (" Nacional da Torre do Tombo , ms . Brasil .( MBD& א µj8> א h YE @ א k · א Y? > KBDE ¥K7& · א K E K · א K j: &K ) ¥¹X# [ א > h dA:C ºY T א ¥j7C& א M ¹Y<& א K j: & · א W H K j £

11 £jD e ¤ Âg ¹ . ¶ 1524 ¶K ME K t א M j: & א MB Y l WB א l א µjqT א ¹ ME K= Y M j: i ¦j ·K »X א ¹ ، " Martin Centurion " " ·j ¥j C h ¥K " " ¦j א £K [A " Y ·K ME K t א k MB Y ¹ M j C ( ¥W8& א M jD ) f M j: & א h M C א ¸X h X À W ¹ .. ¶ 1524 ¶K " Badajoz Junta " ." א ¦j ¥K " fB< ME ¹W א M3 א M? u א K< : א f l KDCEB9 g g ·j u א ¹ M u א µj8> א ¸X . K ¹¥¹ Y K H& א ¹ W K<& א K @ l N K · W< ،¶ 2012 ¶K N>7 À K WC KD EC ، א ME K$ א M j: & א ¸X M= K l ¹ ؛M j: & א V C א fB ¹ ¶W l K K l ¹ ،¼K Y? MC M W £j?> KD l ¼¥j8 K Y7C ·z א K YD; א XD ¹ ،ME ¥K ¼K א W K £Y MEB T א . ME K= Y א ¹ M ZEA x א ¹ ME Y< א K=A K ¹ ، " lB K? א א ¥j7C " M: א j MEAqT א V ¥K kA j9 _ א EA ²WD ·K א X K WD ·G YE X A YE MBA . Z Z< א KCC ¹ h ME Y= א K jA<& א YE א j h W א ¹ lB K? א WB h ·K:A ¥j W א M j 7 l ¶jA< א ME,£K j9

13 WEDB א W K ،º£KD א ¹ »WCD א ¹ l A T א : K:E3 א l .E K= Y א u ¥ ،KE ¹ ،K@ Y ¹ ،KE? Y h Y T א א Z T א l NC: l א j<7 א M Y< kA . §j KE ¹T א ¹ j א Âj ،·jE K= Y א KD>q¹¹ ،KD ¥K ¦ NÂ1 a א j א g K< א א X d KC h YE @ א . fE8> א h YE @ e ¤ Âg W ¹ ،¥K א ¹ ، K א j> j ¹ ،¥K א ، א ¥KE א ¹ ¡K Y א ¹ ،¥K א f א j ¹ ¥Z# א f ،ME<E : א Y K;& · א I ،l K K ¹ ،Y µ¹T ،M jqj ¹ M ¹Y< N K KDA ،ME@A> א M u& א W K l א ¶j C א ¹ Y W & א M Y T א א ¤ h> א ¹ ،MECE u א M Y T א א ¤ h> א ¥K M: א j . .E K= Y . א uBA ،¥K א f Á h YE ¶KB K f א j א eA NC@ l א j<7 א k Y;C א Âg : W W א i ¹ kA ¹ ،M ¥K א MBE? א א ¤ KD K C e X NA j f &K ¹ . M7B T א ¹ K j C& א WE G K ¹ ،M E>C · א £K<& א ¹ L X א ¹ YE K?< א ¹ א ¥KD א ،M j 7 l ME@A& א L K@& א k i K ¥¹ ،iEA dEA< א ¹ ،l f M; u N1 . M ¥K א ¹ M Y א M ¥j א Y x א M Ko¥ Z Y N K l א ¹

14 ،¼u l f ·K W? ،§K TK ¼K ÂE@A ¼K G N K MBD& א ¸X · K+¹ ¶jE א `> À! ¸X M<E : א א ¤ doK j א . ¼K K M K M Â Y l ،M KC< ¼K j> ¹ . MBD ºY K @ l ¹ ،lC j א cE ¥T א l N1 l א d KC& . א h h ¦¥K i ¥¹K & א £u א ¹ l Y< א PEA% א c? . W W ª א Y T MD K7 u ¥ WD l א ¹ ،¥Y@ f@7 KD ¥K ¦ ،Z Y dE9 f W k ¹ h gD u ¥ l ،ME K= Y א fE K T א ¥K f Â ،¥K>A f ،YE a א j KB ،Y7 §£K · א Y? א a K: XC ،Y8 א k ¹ א ¹Y א ¹ j<7 א ²Kq¹ KDEA .>E9 ،cE:? א ¹ _? ،h Y ، א M ¥K7 א . gEA x א l Y א j l א k א j XC gEA x א א X M Y<& [EoY א ¥W8& א j " א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K " l c H& א i X »X א ©Y$K L < À · t YBA h@, t . ¶ 1515 – 1514 foK ? א ¹ ،K C& א ¹ ،¥Z# א ¹ ،h K T א ¹ ،V ¥ א j א h YE @ א £W< א א X fE M?E?$ א l= ، א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ ²Y h cqj א א X . i K l ،KDoKB ¦¹ . e ¤ YE i M K t¹ ،M ¥K< א c7@ i K; u c H& א KD a K ،Y7 §£K · א Y? א fo א ¹ XC M?E ¹ KD . Y K M p א ¹ א ¥K l ،M?E?$ א

15 V ¥K א l ¸ א ¥j £ ) ،lB K? א WB h ·K:A ¥j W א VE7 א ¥Y W? W< ،g ÂE? א Y> א א X Y7C · ، ( M j 7 l ¶jA< א ME,£K j9 ¹ ،KE א Y=# א ¹ . ¼KEoKD W? À KD Âh À l א ¹ ،i ME K א MA K@ א M j: & א ²K7 א ،i j< ¹ ،l Y< א PEA% א V ¥K M C K M= K א KD EB KD M< : א ¸X h ¼K K Y7 M B W< £K@ K ،O W$ א Y8< א M א W l N À W? . i א ¹Y ¹ g א j ÂW ¹ l א ¹ ،WCD א l j@E K k M j 7 h K K א £ j@ K MA ¥ . KC&K< W W KDC ¥K §K £ jE j: KE א Y=# א ¹ V ¥K א MEA WEB M j 7 l ¶jA< א ME,£K

17 M j: " א ¦j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K " MA K@ א 1565 MA K@ א ME Y< א MB Y א

K j ¥K l ¥ א ¹£ K ·KE K ·K §¥ h M א W א ،WCD א j ¸K"tK ،U K8 א K Y א §Y ¼ א ¥¹Y ¹ ،f K א µj kA ¼ א WE< g9 ،M u% א KD <E kA ¾ª א ¥ W" ،·KE K ·K §¥ k ¼tjq¹ K YE ¹ ،¶KC T א ¹ ME K& א h YE ·K<:? M EA& א l א Y& א ¹ µK # א h W W< א t¹ ، א Y ·¹YE ،Y7 א £j ¶j ª¥T א ¸X h@ ¹ . M Â Y א K א jE$ א h . ºY T א K א jE$ א ¹ ،foK T א WA h ( ME Y ) K ºj ·¹W Y g KB . §KC א tH h K Y E g Y kA ¥j < א h ¼ א W h@B g ،·¹Y À t g ¹ ،MEoKC א d KC& א ¸X h K jA< kA µj8$ א h h@B Y Z# א i h ،¼ א W ( ·jBA & א ) (1) §¹¥j& א h@B g ¹ ،Y · א j W t¹ W7 ¼ א Y; ،gD K7 א ¹ ،Y א d Y h gDE µjqj א h §¥K £u ¹ ME Y< א . [ C ¥j §¥ M?:C l cq א j< א .E K= Y א K Â @ . א ¼K<oK ·K KB ،G7C » h .BA & א k ¥K y ( Mouros ) §¹¥j& א UA:8 c H& א ¶W : M; u . 1 . ME ¥K ¹ ME K? K T N j א e ¤ l 19

20 kB;< א K@E j KB & א ¥Z# א ،WCD א j ¸K"tK ،·KE K ·K §Y ¼ א ¥¹Y ¹ ،f K א µj kA ¼ א WE< kA . [EoY א Y א M K ¼K K1 a? ¹ ،kB;< א K@E j KB & א ¥Z# א ^< ´KC a ¼K ¥K" f K< l א ¹ ،·jBA & א KDC@ ºY? א ^< ´KC ¥Z# א ¸X Y C< א h YE @ א MB . gDCE KBE KE K> א gD: Y ¹ ،[EoY א Y א l (1) . Y7& א . h Y m i j<E ¹ ·jBA & א iE ·j Y< t gD t ،Y א l [E . MB7D ¹ M ¹Y ·j@ H HA א ¥¹X ¹ ¥K3 ] א EB! h KDEA ·jA8 KB ،K WEq¹ KDE א j Y j ،´KC KDC WE# א £j ¹ l YE e MB . ¼K? t K Y ¤G ¹ ،ºY h K l ·jA<> M K> À ¥Z W< ،e ¤ h W< ¼K Y . u ¹ h Y7 j M K & f j K ¹ M Y ´KC i< C WC ¹ ،¼ א W ¼ א YE [E YD MB ،WCD א j ،kB;< א K@E j tH Y? א W? ¹ . ¼KC8 KC@A ¹ K WE eA , K ¥ א j k ¹ ،M K> À k W MBA ،L X א ¥K" ¥K £¦ א h M?:C& א ¸X i ZEB K& MA j Y XC KC ·jBA & א .BA & · א KB . [EoY א Y א l h £j j& . א Y7& א a KD ¹Y W א j K l א ¹ . KC@A ¹ K WE aE: gDB@ »X א eA& א ¹ ،ME Y< · א jBA@ M Y? א ¸X l ´j B k W YE=q ¥ א j l gD ¥K" l KD j W l א MAE j א N K ¹ KD< LA"¹ ،»WCE K ¹ K K j ¹ ، א jAE e K- h KC k l G ، ( zambucos ) ،³¥¦T א ¹ ^E T . א jA K ºY [ u ¹ ،M jA& א MEC:? [ א u& א h W W< א YB T א ¦Y% א ¹ ،·jA א M £K Y א YE=8 א M7B T א h YE @ א ¹ ،Y Y$ א h ºY ¹ M@A- h ºY YE h> l ¥j X& א e KB& א k ¸¥K9 g »X ، א Y>qT א ¹ »WCE K h ¥j9$ א א ¹£K א h X · א ¹¥j X& · א jBA & · א K W? ¹ . kB;< » א K K t¹ ،¼ א £jD t¹ ،.E E א j E h X א e ¹ k ¥K y ، ( Gentios ) ،. Y7 UA:8 c H& א ¶W ،]C א µ א j : M; u . 1 . WCD א cq¹ WC KBE t¹ ،.BA

21 ·K ¹ . f K?& א א XD ¼ א W א W< א j K ¹ ،¼K ¤ aA א ¸X Y< ·jpK? K K j ¹ h ¹ ،aA א ¸XD ·j;> M K> À h ·jBA & · א K ¹ . ·¦j K k:< À L X א א X ´KC k K X א א ¹£K א h X ، א K K K KCE M@A- h . Y7& א k KD j<E g eA ،KD ¦¹ ·¹£ ¥j X& א M7B TK KD £K g l ، א L X א h gD tjB . c À . K@E j ¥Z h i j A »X ، א ME K< א £j# » א ¤ Y C< א ^< ·j<E gD ، א YB א Y7 » א ¹¤ h gD9< ¹ ،Y7 א £j µK ¥ g ·jBA & א tH M=A א l ¹ ،MEA3 א M=A · א j W gDC ME K= א ¹ ،ME Y< א W gD9< [ u&K Y8% א N! h gD > ·j:= g ¹ . ·j Y7& א KD W l א KD א ¤ ، א K < א f ،gD K kA ºY [ u ·¹W Y KB ،M Y Y$ א ¹ MEC:? א K< Y h M jC8 YE=q K< gDC ^< » א W Y ¹ ،gD ¹¥ kA goKB< א ¹ ¼u9 ،M>A & א· א j T א א ¤ ME j8 א M7B T א h K YE ¹ ،»Z Y? א ¨KB? א h . ºY T א Y Y$ א M7B ¹ fB# א Y ¹ M7B h § א Y h W W< א Y ¹ . ´KB T א ¹ ¶j A א ¹ ¦¥T א ¹ ¥X א j [EoY א g א X KD W ¹ ،´KB T א f ¸KE& א l U OE ،l YA YDC א א X L8 h YDC א K< א א X ¹ . א· jE$ א g k §KE? K YE=q KDC@ ،MAE> א KE f KE M?:C& א l ¹ . ¼ א W i j W?> t¹ ،¹K ¹ ¼KpKE Y ¹ ،MAE> א K h f9 ،d j א K א jE ¹ ،YE @ א M Y א MAE> א h W W< א ´KC ،M K> À M:E3 א l א Y& א kA ª¥T א fB 7 ¹ ،M ¥K9 א K א jE$ א h W W< א ¹ ،foK T א ¹ £j T א ¹ . M X< א ¸KE& » א ¥K h W W< א KDE ¹ ،µK # א ¹ i j C ¹ h:? א h YE MEB aC8 KD K@ ¶j? ،KD > M K> À l ¹ ¶W< ¹ ،i= q ME>E ·j Y< t gD T¹ ،K9E א M7B T א h W W< א א j CE g ،KD א j ·jAA ¹ ،»K K h K ¥Z [ א u& · א ¹X G gD I ،®K Á Â8 א Y j aC8 ^E ¼K:E ¹ _E% א א X ·j W ¹ ،ºY Y Y f@ kA KD j>A j א X ·K . L X א h YE @ א KDC ·j @ l ، א M: Y& [ א u& א h W W< א

22 ،gDE µjqj א h ´j C א ¥ א j KC> ¹ KC א ¹¥ · W< ¸¹W ¹ »X א u< א K WE ºW h £j j& א u j א µu h t gDE aoK9 א µjq¹ h@, t i ¹ . ´KC i j8 ¹ M ¥K א i א Y? l KC@A ¹ kB;< א K K K KCE M@AK K K KCE M@A- k Y& א f8 ،·K@& א א X h lA א W א Y א l f j K ¶j g ¹ .( kaffirs ) ·jBA & א gDEB h X א ¹ ،·j Y7& א KDB@ l ، א MBE;< א N! ·jA& א h:? א h [ u+ _? gD א ¥j ·j:= ¹ ، א Y ·¹YE ،£j g h X א e ¹ K ،K א jE$ א £jA gD > ·j:= gDC ^< א ¹ ،Y8% א ،£jA# [ א > h M jC8 א K ·¹W YE ،ME KB t א M ZC& א l gDC kA g £K ·¹ZD ¹ ·¹Z>? ¹ ،M K T א ¹ h Z א W8? ،ª¥T א kA KD K ¤ ·¹Y Y . Y k ²Y h L £jA# א ¸X f<" M? Y: L X א h YE @ M j: ،ME 7 £KB l ²jE א µK Y א tH fB a ¥ א ¤ ME KB M Z KD ¹ ،KCA ،ºY E א g Yq א j kA ،ºY T · א £K<& א ¹ ¡K Y א ¼K9 ·jAB g ¹ . dE f@7 ME W N Y À K א Y a ،W? [B ¹ f N E l ¹ ،g $ א M: j ¼K KD ¹ ¼K א j ·¹Y fB KB ،gD W l ،¼ א W YE ¶KD א §¹¥¹ ،´ א Y T א ¶KD Y8 f t¹ ،ZEA x א ¶KD µj . ¥K ¥K" Y z א ^< א ¹ ،·j ¥K g ¹ ،M W M jC8 ¹ YE ¿h Ã À£ K MEC: [ u+ _? hD א ¥j .:= ¹ ،K ¥K g K YE . h ¥¹Wq kA ºY [ u h<9 h ¹Z K WC ¹ ،K ¹Z ¢ א j ,¦ k Y& א f8 ،¼K j h Y7 ¹ Y7 M B W& ،lA א W א Y א l f j K l ¹ . ME 7% א µ¦KC& א h W W< א W j OE ،¢ א j ,¦ KD jB YE MC j ،´KC k µjqjA ¹ . ´KC K K K KCE eA ·j@ K ¼K K ¹ ،. Y7& א k µ¹H . U K8 א K Y א §¥ j M K> À h lA א W א Y א l f j · Y& א kA

23 . K K K KCE M@AB& M< K א M Y? א ¸X l ·KE T א h YE l eA& · א j@ ¹ e ¤ W< ¹ . M K> À k L X א ¥K א iC LA ،¼ א W L ¥ ·K@ l gE? j ¹ i BE ·¹¥W? »X ، א ¦Y% א ¹ _ Y& א ¨KB? א f K? ،·¦¹ ·¹£ .BA BA i j:< L X · א ·jBA & א tH µj? ¹ . »K K h l G ¥j X& א ¦Y% א K ¹ ،¼ א YE ،U K8 א K Y א §¥ d Y MD h ،K K K KCE h YE @ W< ·K@ h l G kA T א g K$ א j eA& א ¹ . ¥j X& א K K K KCE a א j ºW l ¹ ،ºY M@A- h M K & e K& א jD ،i K:A N! ·¹j9C h X ، א ´jA& א h W W< א kA hBED& א §¥ ¸K"K lA א W א Y א l א j W kA W 1 l ، א lp א ¥T א h ¼ א W YE . dE א ¦j j e X ¹ ،U K8 א K Y א KB Z א ¹ ´jA& א KD O< ،YE K א W g K$ א א X k?A ،¶j f l ¹ _ ¹ h gD ¹¥ kA M j7@ KD jAB ¹ ،i K: K K f Y ½f ،·¹Y z א g א Y j ¹ ،go א £ f@7 eA& א iE gE? ،¼ א W ¾µK µZC k א jA8 k ،MC W& א ،i W א jE: M K ¥ iBA ¥j> א kA ¹ ،M WD א f K eA& א j W g h ¹ YE £W L K k ،· א WE& א l ¼KBo א £ eA& א d א Y ،j j k W WoK MB fB ME ¹H K9 . j l א jA ، א K C א h ²t M ¹ M B ¹ ،§KC א h ¹ ،h £YB & א ´jA& א ^< aB? ©K T א tH ¶W j ¹ . µK ? א ¹ ¡u א µK ¥I א X K K K KCE eA ¶j? ،¶K f l> . g WE Wp £YB א l ·j Y h X א ،W W# א ¥KC א gD C& ،i M< K א lp א ¥T א f k i @A- K aEB l u C א ·K@ k µK Y א tH h f f8 K WC< ،i j<E: א j K א ¤ K M Y< f h eA l ³u x א kA ¥K » ´KC k? t OE ،´KC · א YEC א f ·¹WB ¸W h ºY Y aEB# א K X G ،KDA K £KB g · £Y +¹ ،MC j & א l א MC W& א ¹ M Y? · א lC< א X ¹ ،kB;< א M K: א ¹ M א W8 א kA M u K ¥K K ¥j X& א WoK? א µK ¥I ¶j? g . £YB K ¥j> א kA KD KD א g ،e ¤ l L Y t K h ¹ . i £KE ¹ ¸Y N! KD £K ¹ K YE W l ¸¥¹W ¶j? »X א ¹ ،´KC k ¦¥T א ¹ ،h W א gD K< ¹ ·H&K g W ¹Z g · L ،i7E f K ¹ WoK? א א X Y, . g B א h YE @ · א ¹X G gD KB . .EA3 · א K@ א f h ¶j A א ¹

24 K א j ،M K> À h ¼K Y .< ¥ h Y? KBE ،dE א ¦j j M K> À h i j K ¼K Y .< ¹ MoK h Y T »Y ،K א j kB ¼ א W YE YD k Y& א f8 ²Y< ،YDC א L8 WC MC j ´KC ¹ . K K K KCE M@A- l lA א W א Y א l . j K= K g K KD@A k YDC א א X µj kA ¥KE א ¸K"K K K K KCE h L X א h YE @ א f? g ،K j= kB ·K@ k Y& א X G YDC א h Y Y MB ¹ . ¸X .BA & א WA ،K j= h ºY T א aA א h W W< א ¹ ،[ u& א LA# ·jBA & א i W h YE @ א gD LA Y z א ^< א ¹ ،jC@ א ³¥ א ¹¦ h YE £W ¶ א W K . K< א ¹ L X א K j= M K & ،cA% א l K א j . ¥K ،f K א kA k ،W< M K & i j K l ¹ MBA MC j k Y& א f8 ،f K א µj kA ،¼K Y .< ¥¹ M L X K ·jA K< ¹ ،KC ¥K א h W W< א h:? . K j= k W ،M K=A YE £K א KB K K1 ،»K K h ¦Y% א K ¹ ،MEC:? [ א u& א ¹ Y Y$K ¹ ، K< א ¹ . א jA<> · M K> À h ¥K א h> l aoK9 א، א jAE ¹ »WCE K ¹ ،K K j ¹ M K> À h ·jBA & א gD LA ، K< א h ¼ א YE ¼ א ¥ א W? X G KD lC< א X ¹ ،KCC> h ME> ¼ א W YE=q . ´KC h L X א h YE @ א ¹ א X l ¶j A א h YE @ א ¹ ¦¥T א ¹ ،h W א g9 l · א H& א h YE @ א MB »¹¤ h Y z א ^< א ¹ ،Y7 א £j §KC א ^< ،K j= kB & · א K@& א ·j:= Y8% א N! h ¹ ،Y8% א ³j h א Y ·¹YE ¹ ، א YB א Y7 א f ،gD K kA ºY [ u ·¹W Y ¹ ،M Y Y$ א ¹ MEC:? [ א u&K gD > ME: ·j<9 ·¹Y ¹ ،gD ¹¥ kA goKB< · א ¹YB < gDC ^< א ¹ ، א K < א

25 M= l l א MEA3 א M=A · א j W ¹ . Y Y$ א ¨KB h K< Y h M jC8 ،·KE T א ^< l . ME Y< א M=A K W א gDC@, tH ^< ¹ ،. Y7& א ·¹W< gD T ،·¹£YB ºY ·KE l ¹ ،KC@A ¹ K WE ·jBA & א tH aE: . KC j8 h ¼u j ¼K j dE א ¦j u MB ،cA% א l K j= . ¥K ،WCD א ¸K"K ،W< M K & KCD j א ¤ k W ¹ ،·jBA & א KDC@ W א ¹ e ¤ l K+ ،[EoY א Y א M K a? ¥Z M K> À k Y & . א BA & א h> f · OE ،¦¥K G Y KD W ¹ ،dE א ¦j ،K& א h YE @ א X gDC@,¹ ،gDC> ¡uq f h ،´KC c j K א j ¹ . KDC kA ·H& א ¹ ،L:$ א ¹ ،gDB@ ·K ¹ ،dE א ¦j Y Z l \E< .BA & . א c Y ´KC ·K א £K [> gD ¹ ،M=A [ א > ·j W g ¹ . .BA & . א ¶K;C א kA ` K ¹ . K j= lBA ¸Y א ¹ N! h ¥j X& . א BA & א l? À OE ،KC h8 KC@A ¹ K WE ºW ¹ l א eA ¹ ،KDC kA MEA3 · א H& א ¹ L:$ א ¹ ¸KE& א KCC> X G ·z א ¹ ،i :A ¹ £j< א d Y l ¹ ، ¹Y A KD? Y l א j ،KC KDC> ¡uq k K ! k ¹ ،M K> À k KC h lA א W א Y א l ·H& א ¼K9 f Y KD KB ،¥K W א k h l G l א KE T א h W W< ، א א j W kA ،f Y KB ،´KC .E K= Y א . WCD א h ¹ µK= Y א KDC@ ª¥T א ¹ ،¼ א W YE MAE ،¥Z# א ¸X kA MAE> א h YE @ א ´KC g £K K f ·j :A ¹ ، א Y ·¹YE ، א W µK ¥ g ¹ ،·j Y7& א K: » ·¹£ ³¥¦T א h:? א ¨KB h _o א Y7 gD א ¥j ·j>A ¹ ،YB T :. א K ^< ·j<9 ¹ ، א Y u M> f N ? OE ،M j? gD K> ¹ ،Y . ºY T א lA$ א ^< ¹ ،KDE YE=8 א ¥K $ א ¹ ¶K;< א

26 א jAE a? Y Z ´KC ،dE א ¦j kB & · א K@& א א X h ،f K א µj kA ¼ א WE< ،·jBA & א KDC@ WA KDE W j ¹ ، א jAE k W ¹ ،[EoY א Y א M K ¼K K1 ،X א jC א h W W< א KD ¹ ،«u& א ¹ ¥K $ א h M jC8 ،¼ א W MAEB µ¦KC א ¤ ،K Y7 א h W W< א KD ¹ ،ME K; ¥ א j l WE7 l ¹ . KC W µK$ א j KB W W< א ´KC ¹ . M א Y X>C ¹ ،M K=A WE f@7 M j C ME 7% א א j T א ¹ . ¼ א W ME? KD KE ¹ ،¥ א j# א l Y9% א M א ¥¦ lp א ¥¹ . K א ¹ µ¹ א W# א h א ¹£K א OE ،M K> À l h £j j& א e ¹ a ·¹Y K ¹ ،gA eA gDB@ ¹ £u א f k KC h ·¹Y K א j K . ´KC h L X א h YE @ א א j A · f K f ·T ، א W K8 ·z א h iEA i?A: · ¼K9 KCC@, K j א X ¹ ،ME Y< א KC@A ¹ K WE ¶j? · f . .BA & א ºY ¹ א WA א h Y @ ¼tj G ·K Y א ،K j= ¹ ،K א j ¹ ،M K> À l ·jBA & · א K ،WCD א ²K7 t KC Y א ¹T א ¥ א WqI eA 1¹ ،gDCE ºj T א eA& · א K »X א، א jAE eA& .<pK gD<EB dE א ¦j ¹ ·¹£ M K> À k L X · h> A h@, t i T ،L X א h YE MEB i WA . Y Z# א ¸XD ¼t¹ ¥¹Y& א g ¹ ،£j א h ^< א ¹ ،^E א h g ´KC ·j7E< h X . א BA & א ^< L X א h YE @ K ·jC Z KB dot f@7 MEC:? א ¹ M Y Y$ [ א u& · א ¹W Y l M9> א ¹ L X א h M jC8& א ¥¹K T א h YE @ א K C א a9 e X ¹ ،] K% א . hD א ¤ l א Y j & א h W W< א k M KpxK ،. א ¥X א ¹ . W? א l j? ·jC H ¹ ،ME Y? א §j?: · א j ¥K,¹ ،ME Y< · א jBA & א tH gA@ L gD@A ·T ،j? K eA& א L8C ·jE K= Y א X W ¹ ، (1) ( Mafamede ) h W W< א kA ^ ? א g W? ¹ . KC@A ¹ K WE M K l L Y g ،K Y @ א g ÀD ¿< ¿p ¿¹¹ ،´KC h8 KC g ·G ¸jB Y ¹ ،Y Z# א h eA& א ÂY ¹ ،§KC א i WoK ¹ i A8 l h@ g i T ،¸YE W g ·G Y g . i :A ¹ ¸Y א ¹ N! . KD א W K »£ jE j: i W W ¹،KDEA ¬K>$ א .( gA ¹ iEA iA א kAq ) WB : » . 1

27 K K j k Y& א f8 ،WCD א ¸K"K ،f K א µj kA ،W< M K & i j K l ¹ ،K K j k W MC W ´KC N K OE ،[EoY א Y א M K a? Y Z WE ،«u& א ¹ ¥K $ א h M jC8 ،¼ א W ME K µ¦KC א ¤ ،¼ א W MAEB ،©K% א gD@A gD W . fEB f@7 M j?C K7 א ¤¹ ،¦K - M? Y: M Y Y$ [ א u& [ א ¹ ،¶ א WCD א h i K ¹¦ ZEB ¹ ،l?E? gA j ¹ . L X א h YE @ א ¹ ،W W< א ¼KBo א £ j Y OE ،WE G Y KD WA ،KC aA א h YE £W µ£K g M א X א ¹ M K> À h M £K? ، א YE @ א ME א Y7 א h> א ¹ M £K< א h> א h W W< א Y ºY ¹ ،»WCE K ¹ kB;< » א K K M@A- h M £K ºY ¹ ،¼K9 KDE . ¼K? t K Y ¤G ºY ¹ ،¥K ¦ ¥Z k ¶KC T א h W W< א ´KC ¹ ،·H& א h ¼ א W YE ¹ א £ א W K K j l W j ،ºY T א l א j& א א j h YE @ א ¹ ،¥K? T א ¹ ،¥¹W& א h: א א ¹¤ MAEB# א . ¼ א W MCEB KDA ¹ ، K W א ¹ h YE @ א ¹ ،¤u א ¹ jA$ א µK? Y א h YE @ א ¹ ،¦¥T א ¹ h W א h YE @ א ´KC YE @ א ¹ ، א Y9% א א ¹ א Y9% א א j aEB ¹ ،l j7 א . א ¹ ،·K Y א ¹ ،·jBEA א . Y7A M$K8 א ¸KE& א h ·KE l ¹ ،[EoY א Y א l g h a ·j ¥K K ¼K K µK Y א tH ¹ ،f < א h WE M?>q f K? ،gD< ·¹Y K ¹ ،gA א kA ·j; K ºY . K< א ¹ lA < א aB7 א ¹ Y W? ،ioK Y @ ،KC@A ¹ K WE Y א ¹T KE8 t א MC W& א ¸X eA M ¥ ¶W< ¹ h YE @ א א jA ¹ ،KDC j ÂY . ·jE K= Y א h ،j? K iC K K X ¹ ،MC W& א W MC W& · א lC< K ،ioK ¹ i K ¥ h W W< א kA ^ ? א א j? e X ¹ ،§KC א L X א h YE @ א KDE ،KC MBE; goKC kA א jA8 ¹ . N Y ¹ N D ¹ Y £ . §K C א h YE @ א ¹ ،L X א K ¹ ،« א Y T א ¹ ،¥¹K T א ¹ ،f u% א ¹ ،M9> א ¹ . א Y M K l MC W& א N Y W ¹ . ¼ א W Y K> א ºY T א aA א h W W< א ¹

28 »WCE K M K kA ،cA% א l K K j . ¥K ،WCD א ¸K"K ،W< M K & i j K kA NEC À MAEB MC W MB ،´KC h f K א µj kA ،¼ א W WE< N E KDB@ ¹ . .BA & א k £j< ¹ ،»WCE K k W À ،J K7 א µj kA ،[EoY א Y א . gD ©K% א gA & א gD@A ¥K $ א h M jC8& ، א ¼ א W MAEB# א µ¦KC& א h YE @ א MB ،·K@& א א X l KD:E: g WA l ¹ ،KC W KBA ،X א jC א ¹ ¥ א ¹£T א h W W< א KD ¹ ،«u& א ¹ gD א ¥j ºj ·j:= t ، א Y ·¹YE ،£j א ¹ ^E א h KDA . WE f@7 ، א K < א f gD K kA M7B ·¹W Y ·¹Y ¹ ،M Y Y$ א ¹ MEC:? [ א u&K h M jC8 M ¹¹ goKB ME: ·j<9 ¹ ،goKB< · א ¹YB < K ¼K K gD KB . gD ¹¥ kA Y K> א M7B T א W W< א ¹ ، K< א ¹ ،L X א ¹ ،M7B TK ·¹Y K h X ·، א j EoY א ¥K א ´KC . MBE;< » א K K M@A- h . Y7& א ¹ .BA & א a ،ºY T א aA א א j h KD< ¹ ¥£K= ¹ ،¶K f G Y& א א X k aoK9 K MAB3 א h> א h W W< א l G »K K h ¥K א ¸W »X ، א f < א aB ¹ ، K< א ¹ L X א h YE KEB . µK& א h YE @ א KB u L @ א XD ،¼K ¥ Y ´KC ·T ،MC W& א ¸X l KD א j aEB i א j> א ¹ ·H& א h YE @ א ´KC ·j: א א ¤ ¶KC T א h YE @ א ¼K9 ´KC ¹ ،¥K9% א lp א ¥¹ . K א h YE @ א . K W א ¹ µK? Y א h YE @ א ¹ ،ºY T א l א j& א א j aEB ¹ ،¥K? T א ¹ ،¥¹W& א ،µK= Y א eA& K Wq ،¼KBo א £ א j א ¦K ¹ ،M Y? א ¸X ·K@ ¹ eA& · א K K&K: W · ،gDC> N K ¹ ،MEBA ¹ £j ¹ ¼K א Z א Y T · א jE K= Y א g W ¹ K&K ¹ . M ¦K: · א H& א h YE @ א X G ،´KC Y ·¹ א [ ¥j ·K Y Z YE Y Z MB ،Y א Y ² א Y K ^ Y l א h K T א ¸X f . h ·jBA & א ¹ ،lA א W א Y א l ·j Y7& א KD K@ \E< ،[ א ¥j ·K k W ¼ א W . ºY? א h W W< א gD W OE ،J א j& א l

29 YE @ א ´KC ¹ ،. Y7& א ¹ .BA & א ´jA& א h W W< א ´KC ،Y Z# א ¸X l t »X ، א fE Z א h YE @ א ¼K9 ¹ ،·jBEA א ¹ ،µK? Y א ¹ ،¦¥T א ¹ ،¶j A א h . ¶K<: א f h t i j W t¹ . MEC:? [ א u&K _? gD א ¥j ·j:= OE ، א Y µK Y א YE jC@ א ³¥ א ¹¦ h W W< א gD W ،W gDE Y t¹ ،·K@ » k ·¹Y ·jBA@ ¹ Y7 א YB g ¹ ،f K א µj kA eB א WE8 KD j W l א . MqK% א gD = l ¥ ·j W OE ، ¾^< a gD9< Y M K l ·j j@ K ¼K K gDC f ¹ ،M W M j C §¹¥ KD ¹ ،¼ א W M ¥K M? Y: ،M A G ،¡K Y א ¹W W K ¥ g ¹ ،KD א j Y E KD j Y OE ،W א ¹ WE KDC ¼ א £W fB j [EoY א g א X ¹ ،»£¥ cCq h M9 ·j W ¹ ،¥KD& א ¹ M Y א ،¼ א W YE ¥KD ¹ µ¹ א W א ¤ ، א Y9 ¹ M 8 ¹ ،MAEB ª¥TK . K K: א ،»WCE K f K µj kA V Y MoKB u µj: Y Z# א ¸X ·j@ · W t . [EoY א Y א h ¼K Y .< l א j M K kA ¹ ¥K ¦¹ KE K ،K BE k W ،M EoY א Y Z# א ¹ ¸X [ א ¥j ·K Y Z . ،¥Z u ´KC KDA ¹ . ·jBA & א KDC@ ،¥K ¦ YE T א ¹ ،K BE ºY T א ¹ ،KE K K א W ،·jBEA א ¹ ،µK? Y א ¹ ،¶j A א ¹ h W א ¹ ،¦¥T א h YE @ א kA »j ! ،M 8 KEB gD W ¹ ،ºY T א i א j> א aEB ¹ ،KD M K= א JA 1 OE ، Y T א ¹ . KD א W א ME>E ·j Y< t gDC@ ¹ ،Y@ א ¹ ¶j A א h YE ¶j A א h gD H+ ·¹Y K KD K@ ^< ¹ ،.BA & א h ´jA ¥Z# א g@ M £¥¹ ،ME א ¹¹ ،¼ א W YE=q ¥ א j ¶ א W K ،[EoY א Y א l MD K> א ¹ f _E W ¹ ·¹Y? L7%K ،_? W א ¹ ¾¥Kq £Y f ،U: ·¹W ،jC א . f C א c< h jC8 YE8 l M Y T א ¹ ،LC? א i jB

30 ¸X kA ´jA& א K ،M A T א h fEA? · א j@A,¹ ،K> [ א u& · א ¹W Y gD ،¢X א ¹ M א Y א tK k8 G ·j7E<E ¥Z# א K ¹¦ · KB ،K K j l »K K ¥K" h KD ¹Y 7 ،Y Y$ א ¹ h:? א h א Y j & א h YE @ א h W Y ¹ ،M K=A WE ¥j8 ¼K9 ¿Âh ¿ Z .BA & א tH א« Y T א ¹ ،M9> א h YE @ א ¹ ،Y K> א M K> À L ¤ h M jC8& א ¹ ،h £K kA W W< א gD W ¹ ،Y K M Y Y [ u ·¹W Y g ¹ . ¥¹K T א ¹ fE u% א ¹ Wou? א ¹ . gE; ¾ÂW k ( gA ¹ iEA iA א kAq ) WB ·Y ·j W? ¹ ،W K & א h j t¹ K Y Z ،gE;< א PEA% א ¥j l W ،WCD א j ¼KD ،»WCE K Y& א Y < K&K W< M K & i j K ¹ . YB T א Y א ¸K"K ¼KE ¥K KC tK W f K · א T k ¹ ،K Y Z k W ،MBA MC j k Y& א f8 ،f K א µj kA l K T א a ·¹Y K g ¹ ،j t k W ºY Y Z ´KC kA T א l W< M K K ¼K K gD T ،«u& א ¹ Y $ א h ¼ א W M<o א ¥ ¥ א j h K T א ¸XD ¹ . f א W א l . [EoY א Y א h . Y7& א a Y M K l ·j j@ ¸¹ א Y MC W k Y& א f8 ،h K T א ¸XD ¼ א ¥¹Y ،f K א µj kA ،W< M K & i j K M jC8& ، א ¼ א W MAEB# א µ¦KC& א h YE @ א kA »j ! ،¼ א W YE MBA WA g ¹ ،KD jE KDB@ h@ ¹ ،eA KDE [E . ¸¹ א Y k W ¹ ،«u& א ¹ ¥K $ א h . M>A & א aA א h W W< א l ¼ א W YE f@7 ·¹Y K ¹ ،¼ א W ·j Y §K h YE @ א א jA OE ،.E K= Y א f h YE W A ·K@& א א X ªY< W? ¹ M9> א ¹ L X א h YE MBEC ¹ ،ºY T א h W W< א א ¹X ¹ ،MC W& א ¸X ·K@ h@ ¹ . MC W& . א ¥K ،lA א W א Y א k gDC W W< א Y e ¤ W< ،aoK9 א ¹ ،KDE ¥ א Y? u ºY Y א ¹£K ،·jE K= Y א K ¥£K ¹ K YE W g · £Y + . f h ·j@ · £K א KB ،Y £Z ·z א l ¹

31 j7 W? WA k Y& א f8 ،YB T א Y א ¸K"K ،f K א µj kA ،¼K W l9&K W W<A ¶K »¥K" ·K@ l ¹ . gA eA KDB@ ،j7 W? k W ،YE MBA »K K M@A- h h> א h W W< · א l L א j א X ¹ ،M>A & א aA א h h W W< א ¹ M7B T א h M>A א j h YE £W KD< ¹ ،KC k l G MBE;< א YE @ א LA" OE ،·W h ¼K9 h> א l G KB ،f א j א ¹ ،ºY T א aA א . KD ·¹Y K l א YE @ א KE T א h K YE ¹ ،f < א aB ¹ ، K< א ¹ L X א h l i א j> א h YE @ א ¹ ،µjE% א ¹ ،YE<7 א ¹ ،UB? א ¹ ،¶j A א h YE @ א ´KC µK ¥ g ¹ ،ME Y< · א j W KD K@ ¹ ،¼ א W lC ·K@ lD א XD ¹ ،ª¥T א ¸X h fEA? א ºj gD W [E ،K9E א Y7 » א ¹¤ h gD9< ¹ ،Y7 א YB ¹ £j . gDo א W Wp gD > h K WA M jB & א ¶KD · א j W gD t ،M A T א ·j K MB ،f K א µj kA i j א ¹ ،j7 W? MC W ¹ ،·K@& א א X Y ¥¹Y&K Y ¤ KB ) ،·H& א ¹ ¶j A א h YE @ א ´KC OE ،·j K k W MBA M Y . KCE KDE W j t¹ ،¥K א h fEA? א ¹ ، ( YE=q ·K@ lD ،¼K? K »j א £¥K §¥ §¥ a? ،·j K M Y? ¼ א ¥¹Y ،f K א µj kA ،W< M K & i j K a? l ¹ . YB T א Y א ¸K"K ºY Y f K א lC C OE ،»j א £¥K M@A-¹ WCD א h M £K? א h> א aEB# kC OE ،M@ dE9 L8 WC ،iAB G l K=C א f K א ¹ ،¥K tK ¹ ،µK@ KD ¹ ،µjD א £¹ ،µ¹K ،»K K ،§Y א א X h f W ¹ ،KC h Y1 · ،j E ¹ Y: j ¹ ،K tK ¹ ،·uE ¹ . Y Y ¹ ،aA ¦¹ ،·W k Y z א ^< א ¹ ،WCD א k L X KDC ^< א OE KDBoKC ·¹X G ¹ ،KC h> א ¸XD ¥K; t א l KC@A ¹ K WE h> MC K hB@ . ¸jB h Y;$ א Y ³Y KD T ،KDAB! l א aA א aEB ¹ ME א

32 N K U 8 ،YB T א Y א j ¼KD ، א X »j א £¥K §¥ µj Y& א ¥¹W K WC h YE @ א ´KC Y j OE ،N K k W MBA M Y h ¼ א W ¼K Y Y& א . KC M ¥K א K K7C א h YE @ א MB [E h@ ¹ ،¶j A א Y Y Y& א f8 ،¸X N K M Y? ¼ א ¥¹Y ،f K א µj kA ،W< M K & i j K ،»K K ¹ ·W h h> א h W W< א L X OE ،Y Y k W MBA WA k ، K< א ¹ ،·jE T א ¹ L X א h YE @ א MA K £j< ¹ ،aA א h YE @ א KD< ¹ ،·H& א h YE @ א KD< ¹ £j< ،·W h M £K? א eA K ،YE ºY KE ¹ . L8 ·K@& א א X ·T ،f < א aB ¹ f < א ¹ ،¶j A א ¹ jE j: £KE? µj: M: א j ،j? K M Y? א ¸X kA ·jE K= Y א k j א ،Z Y k i j: X g . ¶ 1518 ¶K KDAB G M Y? א א ¹Y £¹ ،KD א W K »£ . ¡uq k K ! l א h> ¡ א uqI ´KC ¶K OE aA ¦ WA k Y& א f8 ،f K א µj kA ،f א W א l W< M K & i j K h W W< א l G OE ،g £Z »¥K" ·K@ l ¹ ،aA ¦ k W ºY MBA . KD<oK9 aE h> א jC8 KDC YE @ א ¹ ،M<o א Y א µ¦KC& א h W W< א KDE ¹ ،KC א MC MC W& א ¹ kA »j !¹ ،Y7 א £j ،K ¹ ¼tK ¥ ،KD K@ ME K ¹ . «u& א ¹ Y $ א h YE @ א gD Y j l ، א M>A & א ME K& א א j h YE @ א l Y ¹ ،µjE% א h YE @ א . ¶j A א ¹ LEA$ א ¹ W Z א h א X l i א j> א h YE @ א ¹ ،YE<7 א ¹ ،h W א ¹ ،UB? א h YE @ א ´KC ¹ . ·W k KDA K X g ¹ ،·K@& א

33 ،[ ¥ א j j j £KE? .E K= Y א f h ¸YE W ¹ ·K@& א א X kA uE t א g KCE h K K WC KDEA k j א ¹ ،N j א e ¤ l WCDA KB K ·K »X א . ¶ 1517 ¶K ،W eA £ k Y& א f8 ،·K@& א א XD ¼ א ¥¹Y ،f K א µj kA ،W< M K & i j K l א M EoY א WA א l ¹ ،»Y KCE KD ،eA £ k W ºY MBA WA h YE @ א ¹ ،·H& א h YE @ א ´KC . KC j h K@ א ª¥ h ¨K T א KD W . i M:E3 א M?:C& א ¹ ·K@& א א X l KC j h K@ א ª¥ h f8 »X א L X א j8 ،eA £ WA ¼ א ¥¹Y ،f K א µj kA ،f א W א l W< M K & i j K ،ºY T . א BA & א KC j h W W< א k ¹ ،j8 k W WA k Y& א f8 i / [@EAE ) h KDEB ¹ ،¶K א ¥K g א f K א א X kA ·j?A: OE MC ¦T א l MBE; MC W a j j ¹ ، ( [@EAE ) f L ، ( ME Y< א Y Z# א W t¹ ،MA j Y > ·K@ K M j G YE NE? W ¹ .( [@EAE ) k W M?E א . ´KC \E< h ،f א W א h f8 »X א ¹ ،f K א א X µj kA L X א h YE @ א MB kA h K T א ¸X aEB ¹ . KC j h K@ א ª¥ l ¹ ،MBE;< א M7 $ א M@A- ،f א W א a ºY T א aA א h W W< א ¹ ¨KB? א h YE @ K Y K f K א µj aB ¹ ،f < א h YE ¹ K< א ¹ L X א h YE @ א KD< ¹ ´KC h £j< OE . WE < א ¹ f < א l א j< ¹ gDC YE ¹ ،.E E & א h g f א W א l ·j7E< h X א e ¹ · gDE M C K MBE Y g ¹ ،ºY T א tH MBE ¼KE K ·jBA & א ¥ ÂW? À ¹ . Y T א M £ M<E »¹¤¹ ،.8A ¹ KE ¤ ·¹Y < gD T ،h Y z א WE < א h » h

34 k gDA j! g ،.BA & א f h ºY ¨K T א tH X g K&K ¹ ،¼ א W h g h X א tH f ،gD > .BA & א h ¼K ¥¹ Y ·j 8 e ¤ W< ¹ ،gDC £ . ¥K . א A K?& א ¹ £j א h g ،K ¹ ¼tK ¥ ، ( ME Y< א Y Z# א i / [@EAE ) MEC: [ u+ gD > ·j:= ¹ ،kA k Y8% א ³j h א Y ·¹YE . ¼ א W M7B ·¹W YE ،kA M K@+ ·j k Y8% א h .( ¥£K ) k W MA j ºY M7B G K C א a>A ¹،M ¥K=& א א K f YE K W KC A MEA KC א K9 T א M KE l9? WEA? MB ،ª¥T א ¸X l ،hD א ¹¦ k hD ¦ g K WC ¹ ،h ¹Z k א X@ .? OE ،£tj א µK$ א j ·K KB ،¼K j A ·j@ OE ،ºY Y Z# א e ¤ ·j > XoWC l ، א aA ¦ kA uE t א KC NC lC T ،lCE ¶G א X N ¥ . ·W ¹ K WC . M K$ א ¸X l h KE > א h W W< א KCA? א OE ،KD Y ¤ · d kB;< א KC j h K@ א M@AM@A- k Y& א f8 ،MBA & א ºY? א ¸X [> h ،f א W א k i j K YE l ¹ ،M7 $ א g · א jBA & א KDEA dA: l ، א kB;< א KC j h K@ א . MAoKD א µK # א h W W< א KDE ¹ ،¼ א W N!¹ ،i M< K KD M:E3 א e KB& א h W W< א ¹ ،KC §KC א h YE @ \ א E< ،ºY? א ¹ ، א WA א ¹ ،·W& א h YE £W ´KC ª¥T א ¸X l . iB@ ¹ i Y M<E ¹¹¤¹ Y7 א £j KD K@ ¹ . µK # א l MEo א W M? Y: gDC YE @ \ א E< ¹ L ¥ Ât£¹ ،¼ א W ·j ¥K ·K Y g ¹ ،µjE% א h W W< · א j W ¹ ،M Y ،UB? א Z ¹ f < א ¹ ،W Z א h YE @ א lo א X= א gD K; g9 ¹ ،¥K ·¹£KEq¹ ،KC M K=A cA@ ¨KB? · א T ،£jA# · א ¹W Y . ª¥T א ¸X l YE ¹ l ¹ ،£jA# א ºj »W Y · KDC@, t gDC YE7 ¼K9 ´KC ¹ . µK # א l MqK ¹ · gD d g KC K ¹ µK ¥ ¼K9 MB ،M א Y K ZD"¹ KD= W ¼KBo א £ l א [E א X ¹ . gD7: א ¹¥x LEA$ א YE Y l » KDA gD KE l א j Y gDA< LEA$ · א T h@ ¹ ،¸KE& א h YE @ א KDE ª¥T · א T ،¸KE& ?] א L h@ ¹ ،YE ¹ ¼K9 j ¹ ،f < א h ¹ iC YE @ · א j Y7 ¹ ،M א Yq¹ M q Y . µK # א l ·j7E< h X א e ¹ g ،g YE h Y ·jA G h X א e ¹

35 »X ، א §K j ·K ´¥K & א L X h ¦ h .E E & א h gD<EB ،¼K jB M K א ¹ ،¥KC K ME K א ¹ ،¶W K k ¹T א : ³Y u g WEB< ¶K i ·j j? K&K K ؛gD א Wq¹ gD K kA gDB ¹ g ،¥KC K WEB< א l> ،KCA ،K&K ·¹Y? > g ¹ ،gDC W W< · א K g ،¶W K WEB< א l ¹ ،KCA g WEB< g E µK # א l ·j7E< §KC א tH ¹ ،¼ א W YE £u · א T ،l?E?$ א KC K, k . ºY? א ¹ ·W& א h ¼ א WE< l £j j& א eA l ،gDCE KDEA ¥j < א h@, l ، א UqT א ME E & א ¹ iEB »X א eA& א kA ¼KBo א £ ¥j < א h@, OE ،eA& א K k W YE MC W KC WE WE l ¶K f l> .( gE;< א l7 $ · א jBA & א iEB ¹ ) KC j h K@ א ¼ א YE ¼ א £W aB ،¼ א YE ¼K K YD MC W& א ¸X gE? ،[: l ، א ¥X< א g Y . KB;< א £KE T א ¹ ´jA& א h W W< א e ¤ l K+ ،§KC א h ¶ ، א ¥X<A ·K א ¤ K ²Y< t¹ ،M EC@ א h ¼tK 1 ·¹X G ،¶jE א א X l KB ·KCE< א ¹ ،L X א h jC8 ¹ ،l<E : א g $K j ¹ ،jE j j ¥K [ W?A . M,Y@ א ¥K T א h k8 t £W< ¸W Tw ¹ ،cqj t MBE? ·K j K . ¼ א YE i j W? ¹ ،i ¹W < OE ،ME ¤ M Y kA µK B א א X apj OE ،L X א ³ א ¥¹G K:= ،ºY M Y kA i K KC j h K@ א Y . M<o א Y א Y א j#K Tw ¹ ،Y K> א ME X [ א u& א l ¼ א W M Y M? Y: f Y ،MC W& א K aEB l LED lB ¥ L j+ ·j j? ¹ ،¡K 8 א l ·j Y N ¹ k ،YE ME K> _ א ¹ ،M>A & א ME?E j& א tz א kA ·j Z< OE . LE Y [ א >C ·¹£j< g ،Y G l א M Y< א k µjqjA a א W א L ·j j, h- §KC א h W W< א ´KC ¹ j א X ¹ ،WED7 א j f ¼K W? j& א א X ·¹Y < g ¹ . µK B א fB! e ¤ ·jD א j g YE ¹ K C א ¹ µK Y א h h א ¥K h YE @ · א l L א . Y K LE h KC OE ،L X א h YE @ א eA ,¹ ،¼ א W »Y ،KC j h K@ ، א eA& א א X NA KB ¹ . א Y א א X l i KC · h@, K Y8 l Y eA » h ²Y< t

36 £W< a W ¹ ، א Y א ¹ µKB#K cqj ،«u א h ME K i? א Y ،d K N ¹ l ´jA& א KDE g@ l א M? Y: א l ¸X ¹ ،¼KBo א £ i j? א Y h X א §KC א h YE . Y ¤ · d KB ،h ¥¹K & א [ j א Y Z# א / [@EAE f K ) ¼K9 l l א ¹ ،¸X KC j h K@ א ª¥ ¥£K=+ kB »X ، א YB T א Y א h Y z א J K7 א µj kA i j K ¹ ، (1) ( ME Y< א KCE k Y& א f8 ، ( YD& א Y ) ·jBA & א ¸j W ¹ ،ME Y< א Y Z# א i ¼K9 ،YE K?< א ¹ f א j א א j aEB ·jBA & א LA OE ،[ j א k W »Y h ¹ ،M@ KCE ،W k WCD א h ،M<o א Y א ºY T א aA א h W W< א ¹ ¥jD kA ¼ א Y KDA? g e ¤ W< . ¼ א W YE=q ³¥ א ¹¦ l [ j א k ´KC ´KC ¹ ،M ¥WC@ x א k ·¹Y z א ¥K א K X G ´KC h ¹ ،Y K? א k µKB# א h ¥K א ¸X K= g W? ¹ . ME WC א k KD jA?C ¹ ،ME WC א ¥K" KD Y 7 ¥£K W< g l .، א BA & א h> c j À N K iAE K ·T ،KC@A ¹ K WE f Y K? · א K:A · l L א j א X ¹ ،WCD א h YB T א Y א k µjqj א kA j aEB Y ،g; T א l jpj& א א X h i ¥K N K »X ، א gE;< א h ME< W& א ¹ L7% א Y9 ·K ، א X@ ¹ . א X [ j א KCE l YE M Y N j! K ·K Y ¹ ،M; K cE K@ ºY T א YE X א א j aEB ¹ ،Y א d Y U q K&K ¹ . c £K & א א ¤ §£K? j א h ¥ א j ¹ ،M Y T א M< Y h> k M@A- l l ¹ ،k ¹T א WCD א gE ¹YE £KE? i j: ¦K ، א £ א W< א kA M Y a e א W? ،ME K= Y א h 7 א M Y h ÁÂW$ א ²WD ¹ ،»K K kA ¹ k Y ´KC ·K ¹ ،W7 א jA א OE ،j £ f א j M K KC@A ¹ K WE . KD א Y ¹ KD Y ¹ gDC> kA uE t א g ¹ ،·jBA & א ¶ZD א ¹ ،. K# א u h ¼KE ¥W א ¹Y ،KC M? u א ºY T א Y F& א h YE @ א ¹ ،Y G& א ¸X µu h » ·¹£ [ j א KCE ´Y À ¹ ،YB T א Y א k M £H& א ³Y: א kA Y:E א . ¥j D i U q¹ ،YE f@7 ·z א ¥Y9 W ¹ ،f א j K ¥K" . Y: א ³j M j @ ( KE? Y h ) . 1

37 KCE f f8 ،ME Y< א Y Z# א i ª¥ [> l ،[ j א h ¼ א W ¼ א WE< [E ·K M W? · א KB ·K OE ،YB T א Y א kA f:& א KCE f k Y& א M:A N! g .E E & · א K Y א ^< OE ¹ ،M EC@ א l W Y h Y K ª¥ h .E E & א h W W< א ¶j? . gE;< · א K:A א £KE ¹ j N! ،.BA & א l j K ¹ KE K&¹ ،K ¹¥ h ¹ ،§W? א ¹ MECE:C: ? א ¹ KECE ¥¹ ،f K ¹ KC j h K@ א . M EC@ א ¸XD P$ א א £G YE ºY h K ¹ ¥j% א ¹ M ÂE A א·، א ¦K ªY ¸K"K ¹ ،YB T א Y א f K k ¼t¹Z i j K ،W KCE+ ¼ א ¥¹Y K א W k W ،KD jA KD l .، א BA & · א W h W W< א k Y& א f8 ،Y א ºY? א h W W< · א W& א ¸X µj ´KC ¹ ،¥j% א M K ¹ ،M ÂE A א ºY ¹ ،· א ¦K . ·H& א ¹ µjE% א h YE @ א kA »j ! l א ¹ ،KD M:E3 א YE @ א gD WA ،Y WE » t¹ ·K:A · א j<E: t¹ ·jA? ´jA& א tH ،³u: u h 7A KD j W l א ¹ ،M Y א J א j& א ¹ M< K7 א lp א ¥T א h ،M<> Y ¼ א ¥K< gD jE kA ·j A: OE ،WCD א k ¥K y ،µjE% א gD< ¹ . g £u l l K w MAoK ¼K K ¥ ·j?? א X@ ¹ µWC ¹ ،WC& א K ،W W$ א h W W< א k f8 i I ،h K T א ¸X h ¶K w i A ¥ Y& א fq א ¹ א ¤ ،·W M@A- k lB C ¹ ،i > f K א µj kA ،ºY=8 א ºY? א ¹ א WA א »X א ¹ dE9& א L8 l a? l ¹ ،WC& א K ºY ¹ ،W W À$ א K א W k W ¥£K= ¹ ،YB T א Y א k h> א f W i u h »X א ¹ g t [ א >C k W dE9& א Y h> · א ¹X G ²j h X א MC K Y א µ£K ¹ X g KC h ¹ ،iC . _? L א e X KC ·jC@ g ¹ . h> א 0 kA ،W k .D ¹

38 א· YB . ·jBA & א KDC@ ¹ ،¼ א W YE N E Y Z l ¹ ،· א YB kB Y Z W j ^< h> א X G OE j YA h> A ¼K KC ¼K K@ Y Z# א ¸X Y < . KDE ¹ W h K ،KD? Y l K Y Y1 K WC ، א £ א W x א ،µK= Y א eA U K8 Y Z# א ¸X kA « ´YE j »£ j j » k j א Y א ¥£K= f h iBE ? g g ،i j: ¡uqx ،KDE ¶K W k9 ¹ ،W k µj WA N j א h l>@ K i W h@ g i KB ،ºY Y YB T א . ´KC k ¥K x א i E g ¥ א X . ¸KE& א M K Y ¼KC8 W ¹ ،W KCE « [ ¥ א j j j » ¥£K K WC ،fE Y א l i ¥ h Y K WC ¹ . ´KC א j K K WC ´ א Y T א ¸KC h8$ א . i W g ·G Y G ،kC BA M Y@ < א ¥ א YpT א k i C h> א W ¹Z ¶W l א K&K M EA& א ¥K z א h YE @ K M EA Y Z# א ¸X . K&K Y K< א ·W MC W M:? dEp l l א ¹ ،WC& א K doK9 Y ،YB T א Y א Y& א ¥£K=+ . a א j · א W PEA k Y& א f W ،KD u h ¥¹Y& א h> א aEB kA L j Y& א f8 ،·W M@A- k lB C l .، א BA & א ºY ^< kA ¥¹Y& א W< . KD ©K% א KD@A KD ¹ ،·K@ K MB £Z& א ¹ M<o א Y · א W MC W k MAEB l ¹ ،Y K> א aA א ¥K f K< ،ao א ¥ »Y KCE MC W& א ¸XD K Y KD ¹ ،«u& א ¹ Y $ א h WE7 K> ¥t א ME K µ¦KC MC W& א l ¹ ،¼ א W M K ¹ ،WE f@7 M ¦j ¥ א j7 א . X א jC א h W W< א ¹ ،c? T א ME K j KB ،K > א א ¤ M< Y& א K א ¹Z א א Y ¹ ، א Y KD ·j8$ א ¹ ،¥ א j TK . K WA l µK$ א

39 kA j:? f # א i ¹¹ ،Y א ¹ µK # . א Y Z i l MC W& א ¸X a? lp א ¥T א k µjqjA Y א L K h WE j א MAE j · א OE ،M KE א L K ¶¹W? א gDC@, t¹ ،i j W K j ¹ ،_? W א ¹ Y- µu h l M EoY א . Y Y- µu h K X א ¹ u? א h W W< א MB ، ( MC W& א KD ! a? l א ) ،µK # א ¸X kA l . Y א MD h KD ¥ h@, l ، א MAEB# א YE=8 א ´KCD . ¥K% א h _? ¸YE j L »X א ¹ ،MC W& א ¸X l K W j t ،ºY µK MA A h iE ¸KE& · א j A ،Y א k f א W א ¸K"K YE µZC . .C t . א YE l ¥ lp א ¥ ´KC W À¹ K&K M j ? MAE ¹ l ¹ ^E µK ¥ gD . MC W& א ¸X l ·j EoY א ¥K א g £jDE א ¹ ·jBA & א M7B »W Y gD9< ¹ ،MEC:? [ א u& · א ¹W Y ،Y7 א £j gD9< ¹ ،Y7 א ،gD ¹¥ kA K< a ،MA j א K gD u ¹ ،»Z Y? א ¨KB? א ¹ fB# א Y ¹ ،¼ א W M E ¶j$ h g א X · Âj@ . gD א W l K K7& א h ¼K j ·jA< C ¹ µK= Y א l W j l א i א j> א aEB . WCD א h l G »X ، א ¦¥T א ¹ UB? א Z ¹ . µKB# א ¹ µjE% א h W W< א h ¼u9 ،KC K £j ¹ h@, . M? A ¼u KC ¼KB K . א i j d oZ א WE Y ) Y> Z א ¹ ،d oZ א ¹ ،§K C א h YE @ א W h ·j A gD ¸X ·j £K ¹ ،M Y Y$ א ¹ ME j8 א M7B T א h W W< א ¹ ·K Y& א ¹ ، ( YB T א . aA א h K YE ¹ h:? א M7B ¹ ،YE K?< א ¹ f א j א h YE @ א f K? l aoK9 א »K K M@A- h MA Y ،M>A ¼K H fB! l ، א h> א h W W< א l G h l G l א h> א KDC ¹ ،h> א eA ¹ . Y Y ¹ ،aA ¦ h f &K ¹ ،kB;< א Y À¤ KB . h> א ¸X h £¹W t £W W j ¹ ،M7B TK MAB l G ،»K K K h YE @ א ¹ ،M,Y@ א ¥K T א ¹ ،YE K?< א ¹ ،h:? א h> א LA" ،¼K> ،j KE א h YE @ K »K K k h> א £j< ،YB T א dE?< א ¹ ،YE=8 א H HA א ، ( YB T א d oZ א WE Y ) Y> Z א ¹ ،d oZ א ¹ ،§K C א ¹ ،LE Z א ¹ ،·jE T א ¹

40 YE @ א h> א X G e X . KC KD j<C8 l א £¥j א K K K ¦ h YE £W ¹ ،ME W<& א £j?C א ¹ ،L X א a: ¹ ،M@ h ·jA& א fB & א ¹ ،ME j8 [ א u& א h ¶ א W א h@B& א h ¹W t¹ . fB# א Y ¹ ¨KB ¹ ،f u א ¹ L X א eoK ¹ . »K K h h> א ¸X KD l G l א MEC:? [ א u& א h YE @ א MEB@ א ¸X ،µjD א £¹ ،µ¹K ¹ ،Z Y h ،MC W& א ¸X k YE ºY h> l G h YE KEB ¹ f א j א h YE @ א KDC l G OE ) j@E K ¹ ،µK@ KD ¹ .( WCD א ¦j ¹ ،Y@ א ¹ ،¦¥T א ´KC h LA"¹ ،K tK ¹ Y: j ¹ ،µK=C א h ¼K9 h> א h W W< א l G KB ، ( h ¹ZC א PC א ¥ ) »¹K# · א K A א ¹ ،Y Y$ א ¹ ،YE K?< א ¹ ،f א j א h YE @ א ¼K9 h YE @ א ¹ ،e & א ¹ ،W ¹ א Y א h YE @ א ¹ ،£j< א ¹ ،µWC8 א L7 ¹ ،g % א aB ¹ MC W& א ¸X fE K- ،Y@ א h YE @ א ¹ ،µK=C א h ao א Y א lC:? א ¨K7 א ¨KB . aoK9 א א j £j G ¹ ،¸Y G g K< א l »¥K" Z Y _7 T¹ Y T XoWC ·K ¹ ) ، « ´YE j »£ j j » £KE? µK= Y א eA µj: fq¹ W? ¹ h YE £W kA k j א i I ،MC W& א ¸X k ، ( ME K= Y א WCD א g K N Y W ºY ¹ ،aoK9 K M EA h> א h YE @ א N K ¹ ،KD Y ¹ h> א YE @ א g u א i K ¥ h W W< א dA XoWC . MC W& א µj £ µ¹K ¹ ،KD tjB K > Y kA Y:E · W< k ،f א W א l e ¤ ·j א Y ·jBA & · א K ¹ . ¼KE K= Y .< ¥ £jD ¹ ³u K WC ¹ ،gD K ¥ h W K & א µjqj M K W& Y א l ·jE K= Y א Y; א k gD? Y ·j?7 א ¹W ¹ ،Y א j Y א W .BA & · א ¹ ،W G g i א ¹¥ l ·jBA & א a א £ . µK $ א M: א j ¥ א j T א h א j Z ¹ ، Y א h א ¹Z> ،f א W א .E E & א ^< L K k ،gDC ·¹YE @ א K ¹ ،W W M K א W t א א X .( Y א l Y z א ¹ MC W& א l KB W K ،MC K ? א £K? א h ·KC א gDCE h ) e Y M@Ak Y& א f8 ،dE9& א h ¹Y A i j א ¹ ،·W MC W ¹ ،M@AB& א ¸X ¥£K=+ u kA M@AB& א ¸X »j ! . f K א µj kA a? ،.BA BA ºY M@A-

41 . e Y M K ¹ ،¥K> ºY ¹ ،Y 7 א k W W א ¹ ،MEA K · א W& א h a ¥ ¹ gD W ¹ ،Y$ א l KD j W l א µjE%K WE f@7 ·¹£¹Z £jC# א KC . ·W eA& M W% א ¹ M K: ,. א ¼ א Y H א jB W ¹ . MCE & א M A T א h W W< א ¸Y: j ،e Y §¥ ¼K9 kB ،¼K ¥ f K א f@7 ،M@AB& א ¸X h ¼ א WE< Y& א i K WC א X . . Y א ªY j ¼KD ، ¥K% א k f K א ¥¹W KC ¹ . e Y §¥ a? . iA W h> א i »X ، א M@ dE9 f W ،»j א £¥K §¥¹ §Y א YE @ א k W ،·K YE=q ·K C א ¹ YE W א ¹ ،. Y א h X . ¥Z u h gD ·j j? ،Y7 א YB ¶j KDC@ ¹ ،¼ א W ME K µK KDE ¹ ،Y: j g tK ·jE E gD ،gDCE?A g g KB ،g WEB< g g gD T¹ ،.E E & א . MqK% א gD oKC kA ·K Aq gD WA ،e ¤ a ¹ ،_? « K ¹¦K T א » kA ¼ א Y@ lpK& א l N K Y Z# א ¸X · ·jBA & א l W µ א Z t ،hDE µK Y א g9 א ¼KE ¥W h@ ¹ ، ( l א Y ³Y h K ¥K ) ME ¹H fB!¹ ¥ א £I hB? K C · א T ،fE ? א א X h l? ¼K E MB · ¹W ، א Y ·¹YE ¹ ،gD MqK M= gD W ¹ ،µK Y א h f W ·¹£ hD K@A - YE @ א gD W ¹ ،£jA#K gD9< ¹ ،lC: ¨KB? _? gD א ¥j ºj ·j:= t¹ ¶j A א ¹ ،LEA$ א kA g א X fB 7 ¹ ،fE C א ¥K ¹ ¶KC T א ¹ ¥K? T א h . Y Z# א ¸X l »Y: j א ¥K 8 א ¹ .C א ¶£ b q h YE @ א ´KC ¹ ،¥jB א ¹ k .EA3 · א K@ א f j!¹ K9 f h ،KC ¼KC8 e Y jBA kC ·j j? gD ¹ ،f<> K .BA א j K M<A? א µj ·j7E< h X א e ¹ . ¶u x א gD . gD K@A -¹ ©K T א h f@ ،WE < א f ،e Y lBA M W kA h@ ¹ ،¼ א YE aB? א h ·j K< gD ¹ ،KE$ א WE kA K? א f h ·j ¥K8 MA j Y k א X £j< . gD K: א ¥W i j? kA ` K µ א Z t ^< א ¼K E7 ¼K E gD ¹ ،.E E &K M j G N K Y Z# · א §KC א µj? ¹ ،N9 h@ g e X ،´KC c j h@ g .E E & א ´u& א h> ·T ،gD? Y א ¹W? . gDBA< W » gD

42 µK= Y א eA h µj: fq¹ ،M<A? א kA ·¹Y:E e Y jBA ·K K WC [E h@ ¹ ،M<A? א kA א j j א ¹ ،J K7 א k ·jE K= Y א L ¤¹ . KC k h Y gEB8 gD > h א j< א £ .BA & · א T ،KD ¹W Y א j K l א M jD K ،¶u t א א j9 ¥¹ ،K ¥T א ¸X l k9 N ¹ » l g KC ¥ KE µK ¥ » YBA h@BE ، א XD . gDC W א ¹ j C · ·¹£ M Y<& א l ¼K<EB א jA À · k WoK ´Y ¹ . M Y<& א ¸X l M K Y T א ¹ KB; . ¥K א j K gD µj? · . M<A? א kA ¬K>$ א ¹ iC K WA h8$ א l §KC א h ¼ א YE ¼ א £W ¸ א ¥¹ µj: T א ¼K9 ¹ ،Y Z# א ¸X a LC k ¼K C ·K<? ·K Y ·K Y Z ´KC tH ºW [E ¹ ،»¥K K@ א ¥Z ·K@ f ،Y7 א YB ¹ £j µK ¥ KBDC@ ·jA K< t¹ ،.7 j &K K K1 ·j7E< ،l » ·¹W < t¹ h £ » §KC א Y K> א Y C< א h YE ¥ א W? MB ¹ . i j< ¶K; » gD W [E ¹ ،¥K K f K kA M<A ) « KCE » l MBE KD l א a א j? א eA ¹ ،¥Z# א ¸X l W j h W W< א e X ¹ ،»Y: j א ¥K 8 א ¹ ،.C א ¶£ b q h YE @ א ¹ ، ( KECE . ¥K? T א ¹ ¶KC T א ¥ א Y kA ME jq [ u ·j<C8 ،¼K? K KD Y ¤ l ، א Y: j Y Z l Po א ¥ f@7 K ¹ ،YE MBE א ¤ l ¹ ،. j א ¥K KD jB ،.BA & א א K . ´KC £K K א W ¥ א g OE ،K K j ¹ »WCE K f K kA Y 7 א l א ¹ ،Y 7 א k W .BA BA WA k Y& א f8 ،f K א µj kA i j K aoK9 א h YE @ א l Y K ¹ ،YE WA l ¹ . e Y M@A- k ¼K9 lB C ،µK@ KD ¹ ،µjD א £¹ ،µ¹K ¹ ،»K K h ·jBA & א KD A l א M>A & א M@EB א MEC:? [ א u& א h W W< א l KC ·¹Y K gD . gDC> kA ¥K tK ¹ h W W< א l ¼K9 KC ·¹Y K gD . KC K א W ¥ א £K g l ، א M?E Y א ¹ ،Y@ א ¹ ،¦¥T א h YE @ א ¹ ،MAE 9 א MBE? א א ¤ ¥K T א h K YE ¹ f u א Y< KD j<E l ، א ºY T א א ¹£T א h W W< א ¹ f א j א h M jC M jB ¹

43 k ¹ ·W k KD jA?C ¹ gDC KD ¹Y 7 h X .، א EA3 א ¥K א k KC WE . ME Y< א Y Z# א i K aEB µjE% א א Y7 µK& · א j W gD I ،gD K9 ¥K א tH aE K&K ¹ ،Z Y h l G l א eA h f9 ¹ ،YE @ ¼KB Y l ¹ ،KC h ¦K B& א l gD< ·¹X G gD KB ،WCD א l K ¹£ MoKB ¹ MoKB B »¹K ¹ . KC M Y א l jBC »X א ¥j א h YE @ א £j< א d Y h@ ¹ ،LC< א ¹ YB א ¹ ،¶j A א ¹ ،UB? א h YE @ א ¼K9 Y 7 א l W j MD & א ¹ ،WCD א h M £K? א h> A h@, t¹ . א Y 8 א Y MEA א W א lp א ¥T א א XD ،K & א h ¼ א Y G N j · א K א ¤ dE9& א f W · ،YB T א Y א j ،¥£K= l א h> K ، א ¹K & א ¶W kA ¹ . KCE& א א X l ¹ ،Y Y l j YA Y:9 l M?qu WCD א k Y < KC h ¹ ،KC ¼ א ¤u X ، ( K Wp U Y א N K א ¤ ) ،h> א h YE £W< c j M:? j KCE& א א XD ، א X . »K K f K K ¥K l ¹ ،g K< א K aEB k i jA?C gD k ،·K A א h YE @ א KC jBC ¹ ¼K ¥ . B ¹ MoK »¹K iC ¥K:C? א ¹ . h> א ³j? i ·¹ ÂW gD I ،M?E?$ א .( M ÂT א h 1 / 25 ) . ¼ א YE ioK? W Z ! l ·، א W< KDAB G i @A-¹ Y 7 א eA a ¥K> kA i j K ¹ . Z Y ¸K"K Y א f K ¥¹W ،e Y §¥ Y < K&K h Z ¼K9 l ¹ ،¥K> k W .BA BA M Y k Y& א f8 ،f K א µj M7B T א h YE @ א l ¥K A »K K h KC k ·jBA & א l G ،e Y M@A- . ºY T א aA א h W W< א ¹ ،¦¥T א ¹ ،MEC:? א ¥jq h W W< א W E ،Y 7 א WA ¼ א ¥¹Y ،f K א µj kA Y& א YB א א ¤ lp א ¥T · א I ،f א W א l . ·jBA & א KDC@ l א YE=8 א ºY T א ºY? א

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