7 Foreword Historically, Al-Ḥīra was also known as al-Madina. This ancient city was situated in the Middle Euphrates region, uniquely positioned in an area where water from the Euphrates River converges into a basin. This geographical feature is known in Arabic as ‘hira’, denoting a place where water collects. The local farmers ingeniously utilized this natural water gathering for agriculture. They employed a tool called a gharraf, resembling a large ladle, to transport water from the lower basin to the higher fields for irrigation.
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