_ 263 _ land-tenure, and revenue, for the fifteenth, sixteenth, and early seventeenth centuries. The record is naturally fuller for Anatolia and the Balkans than for the Arab provinces, farther from the capital and less subject to direct Ottoman rule. Only for Syria and Palestine is detailed material available. Iraq, where Salyane(A) and later indirect rule prevailed, is poorly covered, while Arabia, Egypt, and North Africa, under the rule of local autonomous regimes, are excluded altogether.(B) The defters are of three main kinds. Mufassal. These are by far the most interesting and the most valuable. They normally begin with the ferman ordering their compilation, followed by a Qanünname, setting forth in detail the fiscal practice and regulations of the province. The earliest of these, usually drafted soon after the conquest of the province, is normally a codification of existing procedure. The latter ones show the changes introduced by the Ottomans. Some of the defters also have introductions, tables of contents, and systematized summaries of the data they contain. (A) i.e. provinces where, instead of holding Khass, the governor received a fixed yearly salary. (B) Specimens from the Defters for Anatolia and the Balkans were published by Professor Ömer Lutfi Barkan in his articles Kulluklar ve Ortakeı Kullar (Turkish with French summaries), Istanbul Üniversitesi Iktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, i, 1939, pp. 29-74, 198-245, 1-51. French summaries, pp. 14-44, 165-180, 297-321.
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